what tube-like structure carries urine from the kidney to the bladder

Overview of Urine Transport, Storage, and Elimination

The urinary organs include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Learning Objectives

Outline the process of urine transport, storage, and emptying

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• Urine collects from the nephrons and flows into the ureters.
• The ureters use smooth muscle contractions to facilitate the flow of urine.
• The urinary float is a hollow, muscular, and elastic organ that stores urine.
• Urine exits the bladder and the body through the urethra.
• The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra make up the urinary tract, the pathway through which urine flows and is eliminated from the trunk.

Central Terms

• ureter: These are two long, narrow ducts that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary float.
• urinary bladder: An rubberband, muscular sac situated in the pelvic cavity, into which urine from the kidneys is stored prior to disposal by urination. Urine enters the bladder via the ureters and exits via the urethra.

The Urinary System

Urinary tract: The send and removal of urine from the trunk follows the urinary tract.

The organs, tubes, muscles, and nerves that work together to create, store, and bear urine are referred to as the urinary system, which is some other name for the renal system. The renal system filters the plasma of blood and regulates blood volume by excreting excess water in the form of urine. Urine transport follows a path through the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, which are collectively known equally the urinary tract.

Urine Transport

Urine is essentially water, ions, and secreted molecules that exit the collecting duct of the many nephrons of the kidney and menses into the ureters. The ureters are two tubes that drain urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

Each ureter is a muscular tube that drains into the float. Smooth muscle contractions in the walls of the ureters, over time, ship the urine in small spurts into the bladder, the organ where urine is stored before it can be eliminated.

Urine Storage

The bladder is a hollow muscular organ shaped similar a balloon. It sits in the pelvis and is held in place past ligaments attached to other organs and the pelvic bones. The bladder stores urine until plenty of it accumulates for removal from the body. It swells into a round shape when it is full and gets smaller when empty.

If the urinary system is good for you, the float can hold up to sixteen ounces (2 cups) of urine comfortably for ii to 5 hours. Circular muscles called sphincters help keep urine from leaking. The sphincter muscles close tightly, like a rubber band, around the opening of the bladder into the urethra, the tube that allows urine to pass exterior the trunk.

Urine Elimination

Fretfulness in the bladder are stimulated every bit the bladder fills with urine and becomes larger, which in turn stimulates the demand to urinate. When you lot urinate, the brain signals the bladder muscles to tighten, squeezing urine out of the bladder.

At the aforementioned time, the brain signals the sphincter muscles to relax. Every bit these muscles relax, urine exits the bladder through the urethra, and leaves the body through an opening in the genital region that contains the urethra. When all the signals occur in the right order, normal urination occurs, removing urine from the body.

Ureters

The ureters are two tubes that drain urine from each of the kidneys into the bladder.

Learning Objectives

Depict the role of ureters in the urinary system and their structure

Cardinal Takeaways

Key Points

• The ureter contains transitional epithelium and an additional smooth muscle layer in the more distal one-third to assistance with peristalsis.
• The ureters are normally 25–30 cm (10–12 in) long and 3–4 mm in diameter.
• Muscles in the walls of the ureters send the urine in pocket-sized spurts into the float.
• Kidney stones are a common affliction of the ureter, in which a stone made of minerals obstructs the ureter.
• The ureter has a few points of constriction where kidney stones are more than commonly establish.

Fundamental Terms

• transitional epithelial tissues: Epithelial tissues that can change betwixt columnar and squamous forms that are constitute in the ureters and the cervix.
• peristalsis: The rhythmic, wave-like contraction of polish muscle tissue that can propel substances through the many muscular tubes of the trunk.

The ureters are tubes made of polish muscle fibers that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary float. In the developed, the ureters are usually 25–30 cm (10–12 in) long and 3–4 mm in diameter. The ureter is one of the essential organs of urinary tract that controls urine transport.

Ureter Structure and Function

The ureters are two tubes that are fabricated out of polish musculus and transitional epithelial tissues, which are a blazon of epithelial tissue that may either be columnar or squamous. Each kidney has its own ureter through which urine drains into.

Human urinary system: one) Human urinary arrangement. 2) Kidney. 3) Renal pelvis. 4) Ureter. v) Urinary bladder. vi) Urethra (left side with frontal department). 7) Adrenal gland vessels. viii) Renal artery and vein. nine) Inferior vena cava. 10) Intestinal aorta. 11) Common iliac artery and vein with transparency. 12) Liver. 13) Large intestine. 14) Pelvis.

The ureters are long tubes that have a few points of constriction, where obstructions are more than mutual. The ureters receive a claret supply from a few different major arteries including the renal and illiac artery derivatives, and accept a relatively dense nervus supply as well.

Muscles in the walls of the ureters send the urine in pocket-size spurts into the bladder, in a process called peristalsis. Later the urine enters the float from the ureters, small folds in the bladder mucosa deed like valves to foreclose the backward period of the urine; these are called the ureteral valves. The ureteral valves function similarly to the semilunar valves in the veins of the body, only are structurally dissimilar, consisting of transverse mucosal epithelial folds.

Ureter Pathology

Kidney stones and cancer are mutual diseases of the ureter. A kidney rock can move from the kidney and become lodged inside the ureter, which can block the flow of urine, as well as crusade a sharp cramp in the back, side, or lower abdomen. The affected kidney could then develop hydronephrosis, should a part of the kidney go swollen due to blocked menstruum of urine.

Kidney stones are very common and are usually clumps of aggregated minerals that are most oftentimes plant at the constriction points in the ureter. Ureter cancer is frequently due to a cancerous transformation of of the transitional epithelial tissue, which is more vulnerable to developing cancer cells compared to other tissues.

Urinary Float

The urinary float is a hollow, muscular, and distendible or rubberband organ that sits on the pelvic floor.

Learning Objectives

Summarize the features and function of the urinary float

Central Takeaways

Key Points

• The float is made of transitional epithelium and has a trigone.
• A normal bladder empties completely upon a complete belch, otherwise it is a sign that its elasticity is compromised.
• When the bladder becomes half full, stretch receptors ship nerve impulses to the spinal string, which then sends a reflex nerve impulse back to the sphincter (muscular valve) at the neck of the bladder, causing it to relax and allow the period of urine into the urethra.
• The internal urethral sphincter is involuntary and the external sphincter is voluntary.
• The bladder plays a minor role in temperature regulation.
• The bladder has both mechanical and sensory innervation through the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Key Terms

• trigone: A triangle-shaped part of an organ, such as the bottom of the bladder.
• urine: A liquid excrement consisting of water, salts, and urea that is made in the kidneys then released through the urethra.
• reflex: An automatic response to a simple stimulus that does not crave mental processing.

The Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a urine storage organ that is a part of the urinary tract. The float is a hollow, muscular, and rubberband organ that sits on the pelvic floor. The bladder expands and fills with urine before information technology is discharged into the urethra during urination.

Bladder Beefcake

The bladder is a hollow, sac-like organ made of transitional epithelium, similar to the ureter that feeds into it. The ureters enter the bladder diagonally from its dorsolateral floor in
an area called the trigone, which is a triangle-shaped anatomical region. The urethra exits at the
lowest point of the triangle of the trigone.

There are 2 sphincters, or muscular valves, that separate the bladder from the urethra. The sphincters must open earlier the urine can flow into the urethra. The internal sphincter is under involuntary command and the external sphincter is under voluntary control.

Bladder Physiology

The urinary bladder: The urinary bladder is composed of several layers of tissue that facilitate urine storage and expulsion. The associated structures of the urinary and male reproductive tract are labelled.

When the bladder fills with urine stretch receptors send nervus impulses to the spinal string, which then sends a reflex nerve impulse back to the internal sphincter valve at the neck of the bladder that causes information technology to relax and allow the period of urine into the urethra. The internal urethral sphincter is involuntary and controlled past the autonomic nerves.

The float has a small-scale temperature regulation function since some oestrus may get out the body in the form of urine. A normal bladder empties completely upon a consummate belch, otherwise it is a sign that its elasticity is compromised; when it becomes completely void of fluid, it may cause a chilling sensation due to the rapid alter of body temperature.

The urinary bladder usually holds 300–350 ml of urine. As urine accumulates, the walls of the bladder thin as it stretches, assuasive the bladder to shop larger amounts of urine without a significant rise in internal force per unit area of the bladder.

The bladder receives motor innervation from both sympathetic fibers, well-nigh of which arise from the hypogastric plexuses and fretfulness, and parasympathetic fibers, which come up from the pelvic splanchnic nerves and the junior hypogastric plexus. Sensation from the bladder is transmitted to the central nervous organisation (CNS) via general visceral afferent fibers.

Urethra

The urethra is a muscular tube that connects the bladder with the outside of the torso and removes urine from the body.

Learning Objectives

Draw the location and function of the urethra as function of the urinary organisation

Central Takeaways

Key Points

• The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination.
• Since the urethra is much shorter in females, they are much more susceptible to bacterial infections or a urinary tract infection.
• The urethra has polish muscle tissue, erectile tissue, and mucous membrane tissue. In males, the urethra travels through the penis and carries semen as well every bit urine.
• Semen is carried into the urethra through the vas deferens.

Key Terms

• vagina: A fibromuscular tubular tract that is the female sex organ and has 2 main functions: sexual intercourse and childbirth.
• penis: The male person sexual organ for copulation and urination; likewise the tubular portion of the male ballocks (excluding the scrotum).

The Urethra

The urethra is a tube that connects the urinary bladder to the genitals for the removal of fluids from the body. The external urethral sphincter is a striated muscle that allows voluntary control over urination past controlling the flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra.

The Female Urethra

Female urethra: A depiction of a female urethra.

In females, the urethra is shorter relative to males, and emerges above the vaginal opening. Its lining is equanimous primarily of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that becomes transitional near the bladder. The urethra consists of three layers of tissues:

1. The muscular layer is a continuation of the smooth musculus of the float.
2. The erectile urethral tissue is specialized tissue that may go engorged with blood during sexual arousal.
3. The mucuous urethral tissue are mucous membranes that line the interior of the urethra. The mucuous membranes are particularly important for protecting the urethral tissues from the corrosive furnishings of urine.

The urethral sphincter  separates the bladder from the urethra. Somatic (conscious) innervation of the external urethral sphincter is supplied by the pudendal nervus, which allows the sphincter to open and close. Every bit the urethra is shorter in females relative to males, they are more vulnerable to bacterial urinary tract infections.

The Male Urethra

In males, the urethra travels through the penis and carries semen besides as urine. Semen does non flow through the float or the rest of the urinary tract, instead it is a fluid fabricated of sperm cells and other fluids that passes through a few different glands from the testes to the urethra through the vas deferens. Aside from semen, and the male urethra's greater length, it is structurally similar to the female urethra.

Male urethra: A detailed view of the male person urethra.

Micturition and the Micturition Reflex

Micturition is the ejection of urine from the urinary float through the urethra to the outside of the body.

Learning Objectives

Summarize the process of micturition via the micturition reflex

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• In infants, elderly individuals, and those with neurological injury, urination may occur every bit an involuntary reflex.
• Physiologically, micturition involves coordination amid the fundamental, autonomic, and somatic nervous systems that stalk from dissimilar centers of the brain.
• The brain centers that regulate urination include the pontine micturition center, periaqueductal gray, and the cerebral cortex.
• Micturition consists of a storage phase and a voiding phase. Stretch receptors in the bladder increase their firing rate as the bladder becomes more full. This causes the micturition reflex, and increases urinary urge, and can even cause involuntary urination.

Key Terms

• micturition: Besides known as urination, this is the ejection of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body.
• urine: A liquid excrement consisting of water, salts, and urea that is made in the kidneys and so released through the urethra.

Micturition, also known equally urination, is the ejection of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body. In salubrious humans the process of urination is nether voluntary control. In infants, elderly individuals, and those with neurological injury, urination may occur equally an involuntary reflex.

Physiology of Micturition

Physiologically, micturition involves the coordination of the fundamental, autonomic, and somatic nervous systems. The encephalon centers that regulate urination include the pontine micturition center, the periaqueductal gray, and the cerebral cortex, which crusade both involuntary and voluntary control over micturition.

In males, urine is ejected through the penis, and in females through the urethral opening. Due to sexual dimorphism, and the positions where the urethra ends, males and females often use different techniques for urination. Micturition consists of two phases:

• The storage phase: A relaxed float in which urine slowly fills the bladder.
• The voiding phase: A contracted bladder that forces the external sphincter open and discharges urine through the urethra.

Location of urethral orifice in females: Location of the external urethral orifice in adult females. betwixt the entrance hall and the vaginal orifice.

The muscles controlling micturition are controlled by the autonomic and somatic nervous systems, which open the 2 sphincters during the voiding phase of micturition. During the storage phase the internal urethral sphincter is tense and the detrusor musculus is relaxed past sympathetic stimulation. During the voiding phase of micturition, parasympathetic stimulation causes the internal urethral sphincter to relax. The external urethral sphincter (sphincter urethrae) is under somatic control and is consciously relaxed (and thus opened) during micturition.

Many males prefer to urinate standing. In females, the urethra opens straight into the vulva. Because of this, the urine oftentimes does non go out at a altitude from the torso and is therefore seen every bit harder to control.

The Micturition Reflex

The state of the micturition reflex system is dependent on both a conscious bespeak from the brain and the firing rate of sensory stretch fibers from the float and urethra. At low float volumes, the afferent firing of the stretch receptors is depression, and results in relaxation of the float. At high bladder volumes, the afferent firing of the stretch receptors increases, and causes a conscious sensation of urinary urge. This urge becomes stronger equally the bladder becomes more than full.

The micturition reflex causes bladder wrinkle during voiding, through a neural pathway. This reflex may lead to involuntary micturition in individuals that may not be able to feel the sensation of urinary urge, due to the firing of the stretch receptors themselves.

Waste Direction in Other Body Systems

In add-on to the kidneys, the liver, skin, and lungs also have important roles in the excretion of waste from the trunk.

Learning Objectives

Differentiate among the non-urinary waste management systems

Primal Takeaways

Key Points

• The lungs, liver, and skin are the main non- renal system organs involved in waste excretion.
• The liver is a vital organ with a broad range of functions, including detoxification, poly peptide synthesis, and the production of the biochemicals necessary for digestion.
• The liver converts waste material into other substances, only does not remove information technology from the body direct.
• The peel has sweat glands that secrete a fluid waste called perspiration, or sweat, which is a pathway for water and ion removal from the torso, among other things.
• The lungs diffuse gaseous wastes, such as carbon dioxide, from the bloodstream as a normal part of respiration.

Key Terms

• bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a product of the breakdown of the heme portion of hemoglobin, that is candy into bile by the liver.
• urea: A water-soluble organic compound, CO(NH2)2, formed past the metabolism of proteins and excreted in the urine. The liver converts ammonia to urea.

Besides the renal system, many other organs and body systems are straight involved in the excretion of waste products. These other systems are responsible for the elimination of the waste products of the metabolism, also as other liquid and gaseous wastes, simply also provide other critical functions.

The lungs: The lungs are responsible for the removal of gaseous waste from the trunk.

Similar to renal clearance, these other organs have a clearance rate of their own, and also forms a part of total trunk clearance. The peel, lungs, and liver are the main waste removal organs outside of the non-renal system; withal, their power to remove wastes is generally less than that of the renal system.

Liver Waste product Removal

The liver has many vital functions, including a role in digestion, poly peptide synthesis, and nutrient and vitamin storage. The liver also plays an important function in the direction of body waste. It acts equally a detoxification system for the body, processing and neutralizing drugs and toxins.

The liver is involved in the breakdown and recycling of red claret cells, including the removal of bilirubin from the body by secreting it into the bile, which then functions as a fatty emulsifier in the digestive organisation.

Additionally, the liver is involved in the removal of toxic ammonia from the body past converting it to non-toxic urea, which is then excreted by the kidneys and put into urine during tubular secretion. While the liver may breakup or neutralize waste product in a different and safer grade for the body, it doesn't directly remove the waste from the torso.

Skin Waste product Removal

Skin has sweat glands that secrete a fluid waste chosen perspiration. Perspiration, or sweat, is a fluid consisting primarily of water, as well as various dissolved solid wastes, that is excreted by the sweat glands. The sweat glands remove a bit of excess water and salts, and as well serve the function of cooling the torso during thermoregulation.

Respiratory Waste material Removal

The lungs are responsible for the removal of gaseous waste material from the trunk. Carbon dioxide is a toxic byproduct of cellular respiration. The lungs remove carbon dioxide from the bloodstream during ventilation, exchanging it for oxygen. This function is essentially important for regulating blood pH, since blood acerbity is directly related to the concentration of carbon dioxide dissolved in carbonic acid in the blood stream. Excreting more carbon dioxide waste will reduce the acerbity of claret.

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ap/chapter/urine-transport-storage-and-elimination/